Bytecode Examples

This directory contains example .reef bytecode files demonstrating various features of the ReefVM.

Running Examples

You can run any example using the reef binary:

./bin/reef examples/add.reef

Examples

Basic Operations

add.reef - Simple addition of two numbers
simple-function.reef - Function that adds two parameters
arrays.reef - Array creation and operations (MAKE_ARRAY, ARRAY_PUSH, ARRAY_GET)
dicts.reef - Dictionary operations (MAKE_DICT, DICT_GET)
loop.reef - Simple loop using JUMP and conditional jumps

Advanced Function Features

variadic.reef - Variadic parameters that collect remaining positional arguments (...rest)
named.reef - Named arguments that collect unmatched named args into a dict (@named)
mixed-variadic-named.reef - Combining variadic positional and named arguments
tail-recursion.reef - Tail-recursive factorial using TAIL_CALL
closure.reef - Closures that capture variables from outer scope

Exception Handling

exception-handling.reef - Try-catch-finally blocks with PUSH_TRY, THROW, and PUSH_FINALLY

Bytecode Syntax

The .reef files use the following syntax:

Comments start with ;
Instructions are written as OPCODE operand
Labels:
- Definition: .label_name: marks an instruction position
- Reference: .label_name in operands (e.g., JUMP .loop_start)
- Also supports numeric offsets: #N for relative offsets
Function signatures: MAKE_FUNCTION (params) address
- Address can be a label .body or numeric offset #7
- Fixed params: (a b c)
- Variadic: (a ...rest)
- Named args: (a @named)
- Mixed: (a ...rest @named)

Function Calling Convention

When calling functions, the stack must contain (bottom to top):

The function to call
Positional arguments (in order)
Named argument key-value pairs (key, value, key, value, ...)
Positional argument count
Named argument count

Example with positional arguments:

MAKE_FUNCTION (a b) .add_body
PUSH arg1            ; first positional arg
PUSH arg2            ; second positional arg
PUSH 2               ; positional count
PUSH 0               ; named count
CALL
HALT

.add_body:
  LOAD a
  LOAD b
  ADD
  RETURN

Example with named arguments:

LOAD functionName    ; push function onto stack
PUSH "key1"          ; first named arg key
PUSH "value1"        ; first named arg value
PUSH "key2"          ; second named arg key
PUSH "value2"        ; second named arg value
PUSH 0               ; positional count
PUSH 2               ; named count
CALL

Example with mixed arguments:

LOAD functionName    ; push function onto stack
PUSH arg1            ; positional arg
PUSH "name"          ; named arg key
PUSH "Bob"           ; named arg value
PUSH 1               ; positional count
PUSH 1               ; named count
CALL

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