diff --git a/src/compiler/compiler.ts b/src/compiler/compiler.ts
index 74ed78d..2cb076b 100644
--- a/src/compiler/compiler.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/compiler.ts
@@ -303,13 +303,31 @@ export class Compiler {
         const { identifier, operator, right } = getCompoundAssignmentParts(node)
         const identifierName = input.slice(identifier.from, identifier.to)
         const instructions: ProgramItem[] = []
+        const opValue = input.slice(operator.from, operator.to)
 
-        // will throw if undefined
-        instructions.push(['LOAD', identifierName])
+        // Special handling for ??= since it needs conditional evaluation
+        if (opValue === '??=') {
+          instructions.push(['LOAD', identifierName])
 
+          const rightInstructions = this.#compileNode(right, input)
+
+          instructions.push(['DUP'])
+          instructions.push(['PUSH', null])
+          instructions.push(['NEQ'])
+          instructions.push(['JUMP_IF_TRUE', rightInstructions.length + 1])
+          instructions.push(['POP'])
+          instructions.push(...rightInstructions)
+
+          instructions.push(['DUP'])
+          instructions.push(['STORE', identifierName])
+
+          return instructions
+        }
+
+        // Standard compound assignments: evaluate both sides, then operate
+        instructions.push(['LOAD', identifierName])  // will throw if undefined
         instructions.push(...this.#compileNode(right, input))
 
-        const opValue = input.slice(operator.from, operator.to)
         switch (opValue) {
           case '+=':
             instructions.push(['ADD'])
@@ -638,6 +656,18 @@ export class Compiler {
 
             break
 
+          case '??':
+            // Nullish coalescing: return left if not null, else right
+            instructions.push(...leftInstructions)
+            instructions.push(['DUP'])
+            instructions.push(['PUSH', null])
+            instructions.push(['NEQ'])
+            instructions.push(['JUMP_IF_TRUE', rightInstructions.length + 1])
+            instructions.push(['POP'])
+            instructions.push(...rightInstructions)
+
+            break
+
           default:
             throw new CompilerError(`Unsupported conditional operator: ${opValue}`, op.from, op.to)
         }
diff --git a/src/compiler/tests/compiler.test.ts b/src/compiler/tests/compiler.test.ts
index 184475f..1965e89 100644
--- a/src/compiler/tests/compiler.test.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/tests/compiler.test.ts
@@ -333,3 +333,118 @@ describe('default params', () => {
     ).toEvaluateTo({ name: 'Jon', age: 21 })
   })
 })
+
+describe('Nullish coalescing operator (??)', () => {
+  test('returns left side when not null', () => {
+    expect('5 ?? 10').toEvaluateTo(5)
+  })
+
+  test('returns right side when left is null', () => {
+    expect('null ?? 10').toEvaluateTo(10)
+  })
+
+  test('returns left side when left is false', () => {
+    expect('false ?? 10').toEvaluateTo(false)
+  })
+
+  test('returns left side when left is 0', () => {
+    expect('0 ?? 10').toEvaluateTo(0)
+  })
+
+  test('returns left side when left is empty string', () => {
+    expect(`'' ?? 'default'`).toEvaluateTo('')
+  })
+
+  test('chains left to right', () => {
+    expect('null ?? null ?? 42').toEvaluateTo(42)
+    expect('null ?? 10 ?? 20').toEvaluateTo(10)
+  })
+
+  test('short-circuits evaluation', () => {
+    const throwError = () => { throw new Error('Should not evaluate') }
+    expect('5 ?? throw-error').toEvaluateTo(5, { 'throw-error': throwError })
+  })
+
+  test('works with variables', () => {
+    expect('x = null; x ?? 5').toEvaluateTo(5)
+    expect('y = 3; y ?? 5').toEvaluateTo(3)
+  })
+
+  test('works with function calls', () => {
+    const getValue = () => null
+    const getDefault = () => 42
+    // Note: identifiers without parentheses refer to the function, not call it
+    // Use explicit call syntax to invoke the function
+    expect('(get-value) ?? (get-default)').toEvaluateTo(42, {
+      'get-value': getValue,
+      'get-default': getDefault
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('Nullish coalescing assignment (??=)', () => {
+  test('assigns when variable is null', () => {
+    expect('x = null; x ??= 5; x').toEvaluateTo(5)
+  })
+
+  test('does not assign when variable is not null', () => {
+    expect('x = 3; x ??= 10; x').toEvaluateTo(3)
+  })
+
+  test('does not assign when variable is false', () => {
+    expect('x = false; x ??= true; x').toEvaluateTo(false)
+  })
+
+  test('does not assign when variable is 0', () => {
+    expect('x = 0; x ??= 100; x').toEvaluateTo(0)
+  })
+
+  test('does not assign when variable is empty string', () => {
+    expect(`x = ''; x ??= 'default'; x`).toEvaluateTo('')
+  })
+
+  test('returns the final value', () => {
+    expect('x = null; x ??= 5').toEvaluateTo(5)
+    expect('y = 3; y ??= 10').toEvaluateTo(3)
+  })
+
+  test('short-circuits evaluation when not null', () => {
+    const throwError = () => { throw new Error('Should not evaluate') }
+    expect('x = 5; x ??= throw-error; x').toEvaluateTo(5, { 'throw-error': throwError })
+  })
+
+  test('works with expressions', () => {
+    expect('x = null; x ??= 2 + 3; x').toEvaluateTo(5)
+  })
+
+  test('works with function calls', () => {
+    const getDefault = () => 42
+    expect('x = null; x ??= (get-default); x').toEvaluateTo(42, { 'get-default': getDefault })
+  })
+
+  test('throws when variable is undefined', () => {
+    expect(() => expect('undefined-var ??= 5').toEvaluateTo(null)).toThrow()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('Compound assignment operators', () => {
+  test('+=', () => {
+    expect('x = 5; x += 3; x').toEvaluateTo(8)
+  })
+
+  test('-=', () => {
+    expect('x = 10; x -= 4; x').toEvaluateTo(6)
+  })
+
+  test('*=', () => {
+    expect('x = 3; x *= 4; x').toEvaluateTo(12)
+  })
+
+  test('/=', () => {
+    expect('x = 20; x /= 5; x').toEvaluateTo(4)
+  })
+
+  test('%=', () => {
+    expect('x = 10; x %= 3; x').toEvaluateTo(1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/parser/operatorTokenizer.ts b/src/parser/operatorTokenizer.ts
index c909543..1ef7a94 100644
--- a/src/parser/operatorTokenizer.ts
+++ b/src/parser/operatorTokenizer.ts
@@ -17,12 +17,16 @@ const operators: Array<Operator> = [
   { str: '==', tokenName: 'EqEq' },
 
   // Compound assignment operators (must come before single-char operators)
+  { str: '??=', tokenName: 'NullishEq' },
   { str: '+=', tokenName: 'PlusEq' },
   { str: '-=', tokenName: 'MinusEq' },
   { str: '*=', tokenName: 'StarEq' },
   { str: '/=', tokenName: 'SlashEq' },
   { str: '%=', tokenName: 'ModuloEq' },
 
+  // Nullish coalescing (must come before it could be mistaken for other tokens)
+  { str: '??', tokenName: 'NullishCoalesce' },
+
   // Single-char operators
   { str: '*', tokenName: 'Star' },
   { str: '=', tokenName: 'Eq' },
diff --git a/src/parser/shrimp.grammar b/src/parser/shrimp.grammar
index 965c206..f4ac3e7 100644
--- a/src/parser/shrimp.grammar
+++ b/src/parser/shrimp.grammar
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 @top Program { item* }
 
-@external tokens operatorTokenizer from "./operatorTokenizer" { Star, Slash, Plus, Minus, And, Or, Eq, EqEq, Neq, Lt, Lte, Gt, Gte, Modulo, PlusEq, MinusEq, StarEq, SlashEq, ModuloEq, Band, Bor, Bxor, Shl, Shr, Ushr }
+@external tokens operatorTokenizer from "./operatorTokenizer" { Star, Slash, Plus, Minus, And, Or, Eq, EqEq, Neq, Lt, Lte, Gt, Gte, Modulo, PlusEq, MinusEq, StarEq, SlashEq, ModuloEq, Band, Bor, Bxor, Shl, Shr, Ushr, NullishCoalesce, NullishEq }
 
 @tokens {
   @precedence { Number Regex }
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ null { @specialize[@name=Null]<Identifier, "null"> }
   pipe @left,
   or @left,
   and @left,
+  nullish @left,
   comparison @left,
   multiplicative @left,
   additive @left,
@@ -166,7 +167,8 @@ ConditionalOp {
   expression !comparison Gt expression |
   expression !comparison Gte expression |
   (expression | ConditionalOp) !and And (expression | ConditionalOp) |
-  (expression | ConditionalOp) !or Or (expression | ConditionalOp)
+  (expression | ConditionalOp) !or Or (expression | ConditionalOp) |
+  (expression | ConditionalOp) !nullish NullishCoalesce (expression | ConditionalOp)
 }
 
 Params {
@@ -182,7 +184,7 @@ Assign {
 }
 
 CompoundAssign {
-  AssignableIdentifier (PlusEq | MinusEq | StarEq | SlashEq | ModuloEq) consumeToTerminator
+  AssignableIdentifier (PlusEq | MinusEq | StarEq | SlashEq | ModuloEq | NullishEq) consumeToTerminator
 }
 
 BinOp {
diff --git a/src/parser/shrimp.terms.ts b/src/parser/shrimp.terms.ts
index da329d7..3da47bb 100644
--- a/src/parser/shrimp.terms.ts
+++ b/src/parser/shrimp.terms.ts
@@ -25,49 +25,51 @@ export const
   Shl = 23,
   Shr = 24,
   Ushr = 25,
-  Identifier = 26,
-  AssignableIdentifier = 27,
-  Word = 28,
-  IdentifierBeforeDot = 29,
-  Do = 30,
-  Comment = 31,
-  Program = 32,
-  PipeExpr = 33,
-  WhileExpr = 35,
-  keyword = 77,
-  ConditionalOp = 37,
-  ParenExpr = 38,
-  FunctionCallWithNewlines = 39,
-  DotGet = 40,
-  Number = 41,
-  PositionalArg = 42,
-  FunctionDef = 43,
-  Params = 44,
-  NamedParam = 45,
-  NamedArgPrefix = 46,
-  String = 47,
-  StringFragment = 48,
-  Interpolation = 49,
-  EscapeSeq = 50,
-  Boolean = 51,
-  Null = 52,
-  colon = 53,
-  CatchExpr = 54,
-  Block = 56,
-  FinallyExpr = 57,
-  Underscore = 60,
-  NamedArg = 61,
-  IfExpr = 62,
-  FunctionCall = 64,
-  ElseIfExpr = 65,
-  ElseExpr = 67,
-  FunctionCallOrIdentifier = 68,
-  BinOp = 69,
-  Regex = 70,
-  Dict = 71,
-  Array = 72,
-  FunctionCallWithBlock = 73,
-  TryExpr = 74,
-  Throw = 76,
-  CompoundAssign = 78,
-  Assign = 79
+  NullishCoalesce = 26,
+  NullishEq = 27,
+  Identifier = 28,
+  AssignableIdentifier = 29,
+  Word = 30,
+  IdentifierBeforeDot = 31,
+  Do = 32,
+  Comment = 33,
+  Program = 34,
+  PipeExpr = 35,
+  WhileExpr = 37,
+  keyword = 79,
+  ConditionalOp = 39,
+  ParenExpr = 40,
+  FunctionCallWithNewlines = 41,
+  DotGet = 42,
+  Number = 43,
+  PositionalArg = 44,
+  FunctionDef = 45,
+  Params = 46,
+  NamedParam = 47,
+  NamedArgPrefix = 48,
+  String = 49,
+  StringFragment = 50,
+  Interpolation = 51,
+  EscapeSeq = 52,
+  Boolean = 53,
+  Null = 54,
+  colon = 55,
+  CatchExpr = 56,
+  Block = 58,
+  FinallyExpr = 59,
+  Underscore = 62,
+  NamedArg = 63,
+  IfExpr = 64,
+  FunctionCall = 66,
+  ElseIfExpr = 67,
+  ElseExpr = 69,
+  FunctionCallOrIdentifier = 70,
+  BinOp = 71,
+  Regex = 72,
+  Dict = 73,
+  Array = 74,
+  FunctionCallWithBlock = 75,
+  TryExpr = 76,
+  Throw = 78,
+  CompoundAssign = 80,
+  Assign = 81
diff --git a/src/parser/shrimp.ts b/src/parser/shrimp.ts
index 419523f..901d667 100644
--- a/src/parser/shrimp.ts
+++ b/src/parser/shrimp.ts
@@ -4,24 +4,24 @@ import {operatorTokenizer} from "./operatorTokenizer"
 import {tokenizer, specializeKeyword} from "./tokenizer"
 import {trackScope} from "./parserScopeContext"
 import {highlighting} from "./highlight"
-const spec_Identifier = {__proto__:null,while:72, null:104, catch:110, finally:116, end:118, if:126, else:132, try:150, throw:154}
+const spec_Identifier = {__proto__:null,while:76, null:108, catch:114, finally:120, end:122, if:130, else:136, try:154, throw:158}
 export const parser = LRParser.deserialize({
   version: 14,
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   repeatNodeCount: 12,
-  tokenData: "IS~R}OX$OXY$mYZ%WZp$Opq$mqs$Ost%qtu'Yuw$Owx'_xy'dyz'}z{$O{|(h|}$O}!O(h!O!P$O!P!Q0o!Q!R)Y!R![+w![!]9[!]!^%W!^!}$O!}#O9u#O#P;k#P#Q;p#Q#R$O#R#S<Z#S#T$O#T#Y<t#Y#Z>`#Z#b<t#b#cC|#c#f<t#f#gEP#g#h<t#h#iFS#i#o<t#o#p$O#p#qHd#q;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%l~$O~O$O~~H}S$TU!QSOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OS$jP;=`<%l$O^$tU!QS#QYOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU%_U!QS#WQOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$O^%xZoY!QSOY%qYZ$OZt%qtu&kuw%qwx&kx#O%q#O#P&k#P;'S%q;'S;=`'S<%lO%qY&pSoYOY&kZ;'S&k;'S;=`&|<%lO&kY'PP;=`<%l&k^'VP;=`<%l%q~'_O#]~~'dO#Z~U'kU!QS#VQOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU(UU!QS#eQOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU(mX!QSOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q!R)Y!R![+w![#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU)a`!QSyQOt$Ouw$Ox!O$O!O!P*c!P!Q$O!Q![+w![#O$O#P#R$O#R#S,t#S#U$O#U#V-c#V#l$O#l#m.w#m;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU*hW!QSOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q![+Q![#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU+XY!QSyQOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q![+Q![#O$O#P#R$O#R#S*c#S;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU,O[!QSyQOt$Ouw$Ox!O$O!O!P*c!P!Q$O!Q![+w![#O$O#P#R$O#R#S,t#S;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU,yW!QSOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q![+w![#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU-hX!QSOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q!R.T!R!S.T!S#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU.[X!QSyQOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q!R.T!R!S.T!S#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU.|[!QSOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q![/r![!c$O!c!i/r!i#O$O#P#T$O#T#Z/r#Z;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU/y[!QSyQOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q![/r![!c$O!c!i/r!i#O$O#P#T$O#T#Z/r#Z;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU0tW!QSOt$Ouw$Ox!P$O!P!Q1^!Q#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU1c^!QSOY2_YZ$OZt2_tu3buw2_wx3bx!P2_!P!Q$O!Q!}2_!}#O8T#O#P5p#P;'S2_;'S;=`9U<%lO2_U2f^!QS!hQOY2_YZ$OZt2_tu3buw2_wx3bx!P2_!P!Q6V!Q!}2_!}#O8T#O#P5p#P;'S2_;'S;=`9U<%lO2_Q3gX!hQOY3bZ!P3b!P!Q4S!Q!}3b!}#O4q#O#P5p#P;'S3b;'S;=`6P<%lO3bQ4VP!P!Q4YQ4_U!hQ#Z#[4Y#]#^4Y#a#b4Y#g#h4Y#i#j4Y#m#n4YQ4tVOY4qZ#O4q#O#P5Z#P#Q3b#Q;'S4q;'S;=`5j<%lO4qQ5^SOY4qZ;'S4q;'S;=`5j<%lO4qQ5mP;=`<%l4qQ5sSOY3bZ;'S3b;'S;=`6P<%lO3bQ6SP;=`<%l3bU6[W!QSOt$Ouw$Ox!P$O!P!Q6t!Q#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU6{b!QS!hQOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P#Z$O#Z#[6t#[#]$O#]#^6t#^#a$O#a#b6t#b#g$O#g#h6t#h#i$O#i#j6t#j#m$O#m#n6t#n;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU8Y[!QSOY8TYZ$OZt8Ttu4quw8Twx4qx#O8T#O#P5Z#P#Q2_#Q;'S8T;'S;=`9O<%lO8TU9RP;=`<%l8TU9XP;=`<%l2_U9cU!QS!VQOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU9|W#gQ!QSOt$Ouw$Ox!_$O!_!`:f!`#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU:kV!QSOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P#Q;Q#Q;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU;XU#fQ!QSOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$O~;pO#^~U;wU#hQ!QSOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU<bU!QS!^QOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU<y^!QSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU=|U!OQ!QSOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU>e_!QSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#U?d#U#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU?i`!QSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#`<t#`#a@k#a#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU@p`!QSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#g<t#g#hAr#h#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OUAw`!QSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#X<t#X#YBy#Y#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OUCQ^!TQ!QSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$O^DT^#_W!QSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$O^EW^#aW!QSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$O^FZ`#`W!QSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#f<t#f#gG]#g#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OUGb`!QSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#i<t#i#jAr#j#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OUHkUrQ!QSOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$O~ISO#i~",
-  tokenizers: [operatorTokenizer, 1, 2, 3, tokenizer, new LocalTokenGroup("[~RP!O!PU~ZO#X~~", 11)],
-  topRules: {"Program":[0,32]},
-  specialized: [{term: 26, get: (value: any, stack: any) => (specializeKeyword(value, stack) << 1), external: specializeKeyword},{term: 26, get: (value: keyof typeof spec_Identifier) => spec_Identifier[value] || -1}],
-  tokenPrec: 2109
+  tokenData: "IS~R}OX$OXY$mYZ%WZp$Opq$mqs$Ost%qtu'Yuw$Owx'_xy'dyz'}z{$O{|(h|}$O}!O(h!O!P$O!P!Q0o!Q!R)Y!R![+w![!]9[!]!^%W!^!}$O!}#O9u#O#P;k#P#Q;p#Q#R$O#R#S<Z#S#T$O#T#Y<t#Y#Z>`#Z#b<t#b#cC|#c#f<t#f#gEP#g#h<t#h#iFS#i#o<t#o#p$O#p#qHd#q;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%l~$O~O$O~~H}S$TU!SSOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OS$jP;=`<%l$O^$tU!SS#SYOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU%_U!SS#YQOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$O^%xZqY!SSOY%qYZ$OZt%qtu&kuw%qwx&kx#O%q#O#P&k#P;'S%q;'S;=`'S<%lO%qY&pSqYOY&kZ;'S&k;'S;=`&|<%lO&kY'PP;=`<%l&k^'VP;=`<%l%q~'_O#_~~'dO#]~U'kU!SS#XQOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU(UU!SS#gQOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU(mX!SSOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q!R)Y!R![+w![#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU)a`!SS{QOt$Ouw$Ox!O$O!O!P*c!P!Q$O!Q![+w![#O$O#P#R$O#R#S,t#S#U$O#U#V-c#V#l$O#l#m.w#m;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU*hW!SSOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q![+Q![#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU+XY!SS{QOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q![+Q![#O$O#P#R$O#R#S*c#S;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU,O[!SS{QOt$Ouw$Ox!O$O!O!P*c!P!Q$O!Q![+w![#O$O#P#R$O#R#S,t#S;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU,yW!SSOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q![+w![#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU-hX!SSOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q!R.T!R!S.T!S#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU.[X!SS{QOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q!R.T!R!S.T!S#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU.|[!SSOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q![/r![!c$O!c!i/r!i#O$O#P#T$O#T#Z/r#Z;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU/y[!SS{QOt$Ouw$Ox!Q$O!Q![/r![!c$O!c!i/r!i#O$O#P#T$O#T#Z/r#Z;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU0tW!SSOt$Ouw$Ox!P$O!P!Q1^!Q#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU1c^!SSOY2_YZ$OZt2_tu3buw2_wx3bx!P2_!P!Q$O!Q!}2_!}#O8T#O#P5p#P;'S2_;'S;=`9U<%lO2_U2f^!SS!jQOY2_YZ$OZt2_tu3buw2_wx3bx!P2_!P!Q6V!Q!}2_!}#O8T#O#P5p#P;'S2_;'S;=`9U<%lO2_Q3gX!jQOY3bZ!P3b!P!Q4S!Q!}3b!}#O4q#O#P5p#P;'S3b;'S;=`6P<%lO3bQ4VP!P!Q4YQ4_U!jQ#Z#[4Y#]#^4Y#a#b4Y#g#h4Y#i#j4Y#m#n4YQ4tVOY4qZ#O4q#O#P5Z#P#Q3b#Q;'S4q;'S;=`5j<%lO4qQ5^SOY4qZ;'S4q;'S;=`5j<%lO4qQ5mP;=`<%l4qQ5sSOY3bZ;'S3b;'S;=`6P<%lO3bQ6SP;=`<%l3bU6[W!SSOt$Ouw$Ox!P$O!P!Q6t!Q#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU6{b!SS!jQOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P#Z$O#Z#[6t#[#]$O#]#^6t#^#a$O#a#b6t#b#g$O#g#h6t#h#i$O#i#j6t#j#m$O#m#n6t#n;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU8Y[!SSOY8TYZ$OZt8Ttu4quw8Twx4qx#O8T#O#P5Z#P#Q2_#Q;'S8T;'S;=`9O<%lO8TU9RP;=`<%l8TU9XP;=`<%l2_U9cU!SS!XQOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU9|W#iQ!SSOt$Ouw$Ox!_$O!_!`:f!`#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU:kV!SSOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P#Q;Q#Q;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU;XU#hQ!SSOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$O~;pO#`~U;wU#jQ!SSOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU<bU!SS!`QOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU<y^!SSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU=|U!QQ!SSOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU>e_!SSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#U?d#U#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU?i`!SSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#`<t#`#a@k#a#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OU@p`!SSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#g<t#g#hAr#h#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OUAw`!SSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#X<t#X#YBy#Y#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OUCQ^!VQ!SSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$O^DT^#aW!SSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$O^EW^#cW!SSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$O^FZ`#bW!SSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#f<t#f#gG]#g#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OUGb`!SSOt$Ouw$Ox}$O}!O<t!O!Q$O!Q![<t![!_$O!_!`=u!`#O$O#P#T$O#T#i<t#i#jAr#j#o<t#o;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$OUHkUtQ!SSOt$Ouw$Ox#O$O#P;'S$O;'S;=`$g<%lO$O~ISO#k~",
+  tokenizers: [operatorTokenizer, 1, 2, 3, tokenizer, new LocalTokenGroup("[~RP!O!PU~ZO#Z~~", 11)],
+  topRules: {"Program":[0,34]},
+  specialized: [{term: 28, get: (value: any, stack: any) => (specializeKeyword(value, stack) << 1), external: specializeKeyword},{term: 28, get: (value: keyof typeof spec_Identifier) => spec_Identifier[value] || -1}],
+  tokenPrec: 2202
 })
diff --git a/src/parser/tests/basics.test.ts b/src/parser/tests/basics.test.ts
index c941140..28731f9 100644
--- a/src/parser/tests/basics.test.ts
+++ b/src/parser/tests/basics.test.ts
@@ -707,6 +707,87 @@ describe('CompoundAssign', () => {
           PositionalArg
             Number 3`)
   })
+
+  test('parses ??= operator', () => {
+    expect('x ??= 5').toMatchTree(`
+      CompoundAssign
+        AssignableIdentifier x
+        NullishEq ??=
+        Number 5`)
+  })
+
+  test('parses ??= with expression', () => {
+    expect('config ??= get-default').toMatchTree(`
+      CompoundAssign
+        AssignableIdentifier config
+        NullishEq ??=
+        FunctionCallOrIdentifier
+          Identifier get-default`)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('Nullish coalescing operator', () => {
+  test('? can still end an identifier', () => {
+    expect('what?').toMatchTree(`
+      FunctionCallOrIdentifier
+        Identifier what?`)
+  })
+
+  test('?? can still end an identifier', () => {
+    expect('what??').toMatchTree(`
+      FunctionCallOrIdentifier
+        Identifier what??`)
+  })
+
+  test('?? can still be in a word', () => {
+    expect('what??the').toMatchTree(`
+      FunctionCallOrIdentifier
+        Identifier what??the`)
+  })
+
+  test('?? can still start a word', () => {
+    expect('??what??the').toMatchTree(`
+      Word ??what??the`)
+  })
+
+  test('parses ?? operator', () => {
+    expect('x ?? 5').toMatchTree(`
+      ConditionalOp
+        Identifier x
+        NullishCoalesce ??
+        Number 5`)
+  })
+
+  test('parses chained ?? operators', () => {
+    expect('a ?? b ?? c').toMatchTree(`
+      ConditionalOp
+        ConditionalOp
+          Identifier a
+          NullishCoalesce ??
+          Identifier b
+        NullishCoalesce ??
+        Identifier c`)
+  })
+
+  test('parses ?? with expressions', () => {
+    expect('get-value ?? default-value').toMatchTree(`
+      ConditionalOp
+        Identifier get-value
+        NullishCoalesce ??
+        Identifier default-value`)
+  })
+
+  test('parses ?? with parenthesized function call', () => {
+    expect('get-value ?? (default 10)').toMatchTree(`
+      ConditionalOp
+        Identifier get-value
+        NullishCoalesce ??
+        ParenExpr
+          FunctionCall
+            Identifier default
+            PositionalArg
+              Number 10`)
+  })
 })
 
 describe('DotGet whitespace sensitivity', () => {
diff --git a/src/parser/tokenizer.ts b/src/parser/tokenizer.ts
index 3f5ca6c..d18a515 100644
--- a/src/parser/tokenizer.ts
+++ b/src/parser/tokenizer.ts
@@ -193,6 +193,15 @@ const chooseIdentifierToken = (input: InputStream, stack: Stack): number => {
 
   const nextCh = getFullCodePoint(input, peekPos)
   const nextCh2 = getFullCodePoint(input, peekPos + 1)
+  const nextCh3 = getFullCodePoint(input, peekPos + 2)
+
+  // Check for ??= (three-character compound operator)
+  if (nextCh === 63 /* ? */ && nextCh2 === 63 /* ? */ && nextCh3 === 61 /* = */) {
+    const charAfterOp = getFullCodePoint(input, peekPos + 3)
+    if (isWhiteSpace(charAfterOp) || charAfterOp === -1 /* EOF */) {
+      return AssignableIdentifier
+    }
+  }
 
   // Check for compound assignment operators: +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
   if (