diff --git a/src/compiler/compiler.ts b/src/compiler/compiler.ts
index 9ce7bce..2b30b3d 100644
--- a/src/compiler/compiler.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/compiler.ts
@@ -274,13 +274,31 @@ export class Compiler {
         const { identifier, operator, right } = getCompoundAssignmentParts(node)
         const identifierName = input.slice(identifier.from, identifier.to)
         const instructions: ProgramItem[] = []
+        const opValue = input.slice(operator.from, operator.to)
 
-        // will throw if undefined
-        instructions.push(['LOAD', identifierName])
+        // Special handling for ??= since it needs conditional evaluation
+        if (opValue === '??=') {
+          instructions.push(['LOAD', identifierName])
 
+          const rightInstructions = this.#compileNode(right, input)
+
+          instructions.push(['DUP'])
+          instructions.push(['PUSH', null])
+          instructions.push(['NEQ'])
+          instructions.push(['JUMP_IF_TRUE', rightInstructions.length + 1])
+          instructions.push(['POP'])
+          instructions.push(...rightInstructions)
+
+          instructions.push(['DUP'])
+          instructions.push(['STORE', identifierName])
+
+          return instructions
+        }
+
+        // Standard compound assignments: evaluate both sides, then operate
+        instructions.push(['LOAD', identifierName])  // will throw if undefined
         instructions.push(...this.#compileNode(right, input))
 
-        const opValue = input.slice(operator.from, operator.to)
         switch (opValue) {
           case '+=':
             instructions.push(['ADD'])
@@ -587,6 +605,18 @@ export class Compiler {
 
             break
 
+          case '??':
+            // Nullish coalescing: return left if not null, else right
+            instructions.push(...leftInstructions)
+            instructions.push(['DUP'])
+            instructions.push(['PUSH', null])
+            instructions.push(['NEQ'])
+            instructions.push(['JUMP_IF_TRUE', rightInstructions.length + 1])
+            instructions.push(['POP'])
+            instructions.push(...rightInstructions)
+
+            break
+
           default:
             throw new CompilerError(`Unsupported conditional operator: ${opValue}`, op.from, op.to)
         }
diff --git a/src/compiler/tests/compiler.test.ts b/src/compiler/tests/compiler.test.ts
index ad62392..d828e48 100644
--- a/src/compiler/tests/compiler.test.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/tests/compiler.test.ts
@@ -313,3 +313,118 @@ describe('default params', () => {
     ).toEvaluateTo({ name: 'Jon', age: 21 })
   })
 })
+
+describe('Nullish coalescing operator (??)', () => {
+  test('returns left side when not null', () => {
+    expect('5 ?? 10').toEvaluateTo(5)
+  })
+
+  test('returns right side when left is null', () => {
+    expect('null ?? 10').toEvaluateTo(10)
+  })
+
+  test('returns left side when left is false', () => {
+    expect('false ?? 10').toEvaluateTo(false)
+  })
+
+  test('returns left side when left is 0', () => {
+    expect('0 ?? 10').toEvaluateTo(0)
+  })
+
+  test('returns left side when left is empty string', () => {
+    expect(`'' ?? 'default'`).toEvaluateTo('')
+  })
+
+  test('chains left to right', () => {
+    expect('null ?? null ?? 42').toEvaluateTo(42)
+    expect('null ?? 10 ?? 20').toEvaluateTo(10)
+  })
+
+  test('short-circuits evaluation', () => {
+    const throwError = () => { throw new Error('Should not evaluate') }
+    expect('5 ?? throw-error').toEvaluateTo(5, { 'throw-error': throwError })
+  })
+
+  test('works with variables', () => {
+    expect('x = null; x ?? 5').toEvaluateTo(5)
+    expect('y = 3; y ?? 5').toEvaluateTo(3)
+  })
+
+  test('works with function calls', () => {
+    const getValue = () => null
+    const getDefault = () => 42
+    // Note: identifiers without parentheses refer to the function, not call it
+    // Use explicit call syntax to invoke the function
+    expect('(get-value) ?? (get-default)').toEvaluateTo(42, {
+      'get-value': getValue,
+      'get-default': getDefault
+    })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('Nullish coalescing assignment (??=)', () => {
+  test('assigns when variable is null', () => {
+    expect('x = null; x ??= 5; x').toEvaluateTo(5)
+  })
+
+  test('does not assign when variable is not null', () => {
+    expect('x = 3; x ??= 10; x').toEvaluateTo(3)
+  })
+
+  test('does not assign when variable is false', () => {
+    expect('x = false; x ??= true; x').toEvaluateTo(false)
+  })
+
+  test('does not assign when variable is 0', () => {
+    expect('x = 0; x ??= 100; x').toEvaluateTo(0)
+  })
+
+  test('does not assign when variable is empty string', () => {
+    expect(`x = ''; x ??= 'default'; x`).toEvaluateTo('')
+  })
+
+  test('returns the final value', () => {
+    expect('x = null; x ??= 5').toEvaluateTo(5)
+    expect('y = 3; y ??= 10').toEvaluateTo(3)
+  })
+
+  test('short-circuits evaluation when not null', () => {
+    const throwError = () => { throw new Error('Should not evaluate') }
+    expect('x = 5; x ??= throw-error; x').toEvaluateTo(5, { 'throw-error': throwError })
+  })
+
+  test('works with expressions', () => {
+    expect('x = null; x ??= 2 + 3; x').toEvaluateTo(5)
+  })
+
+  test('works with function calls', () => {
+    const getDefault = () => 42
+    expect('x = null; x ??= (get-default); x').toEvaluateTo(42, { 'get-default': getDefault })
+  })
+
+  test('throws when variable is undefined', () => {
+    expect(() => expect('undefined-var ??= 5').toEvaluateTo(null)).toThrow()
+  })
+})
+
+describe('Compound assignment operators', () => {
+  test('+=', () => {
+    expect('x = 5; x += 3; x').toEvaluateTo(8)
+  })
+
+  test('-=', () => {
+    expect('x = 10; x -= 4; x').toEvaluateTo(6)
+  })
+
+  test('*=', () => {
+    expect('x = 3; x *= 4; x').toEvaluateTo(12)
+  })
+
+  test('/=', () => {
+    expect('x = 20; x /= 5; x').toEvaluateTo(4)
+  })
+
+  test('%=', () => {
+    expect('x = 10; x %= 3; x').toEvaluateTo(1)
+  })
+})
diff --git a/src/parser/operatorTokenizer.ts b/src/parser/operatorTokenizer.ts
index 3c85400..a930ce4 100644
--- a/src/parser/operatorTokenizer.ts
+++ b/src/parser/operatorTokenizer.ts
@@ -11,12 +11,16 @@ const operators: Array<Operator> = [
   { str: '==', tokenName: 'EqEq' },
 
   // Compound assignment operators (must come before single-char operators)
+  { str: '??=', tokenName: 'NullishEq' },
   { str: '+=', tokenName: 'PlusEq' },
   { str: '-=', tokenName: 'MinusEq' },
   { str: '*=', tokenName: 'StarEq' },
   { str: '/=', tokenName: 'SlashEq' },
   { str: '%=', tokenName: 'ModuloEq' },
 
+  // Nullish coalescing (must come before it could be mistaken for other tokens)
+  { str: '??', tokenName: 'NullishCoalesce' },
+
   // Single-char operators
   { str: '*', tokenName: 'Star' },
   { str: '=', tokenName: 'Eq' },
diff --git a/src/parser/shrimp.grammar b/src/parser/shrimp.grammar
index a4f26e2..918cc68 100644
--- a/src/parser/shrimp.grammar
+++ b/src/parser/shrimp.grammar
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 @top Program { item* }
 
-@external tokens operatorTokenizer from "./operatorTokenizer" { Star, Slash, Plus, Minus, And, Or, Eq, EqEq, Neq, Lt, Lte, Gt, Gte, Modulo, PlusEq, MinusEq, StarEq, SlashEq, ModuloEq }
+@external tokens operatorTokenizer from "./operatorTokenizer" { Star, Slash, Plus, Minus, And, Or, Eq, EqEq, Neq, Lt, Lte, Gt, Gte, Modulo, PlusEq, MinusEq, StarEq, SlashEq, ModuloEq, NullishCoalesce, NullishEq }
 
 @tokens {
   @precedence { Number Regex }
@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ null { @specialize[@name=Null]<Identifier, "null"> }
   pipe @left,
   or @left,
   and @left,
+  nullish @left,
   comparison @left,
   multiplicative @left,
   additive @left,
@@ -160,7 +161,8 @@ ConditionalOp {
   expression !comparison Gt expression |
   expression !comparison Gte expression |
   (expression | ConditionalOp) !and And (expression | ConditionalOp) |
-  (expression | ConditionalOp) !or Or (expression | ConditionalOp)
+  (expression | ConditionalOp) !or Or (expression | ConditionalOp) |
+  (expression | ConditionalOp) !nullish NullishCoalesce (expression | ConditionalOp)
 }
 
 Params {
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ Assign {
 }
 
 CompoundAssign {
-  AssignableIdentifier (PlusEq | MinusEq | StarEq | SlashEq | ModuloEq) consumeToTerminator
+  AssignableIdentifier (PlusEq | MinusEq | StarEq | SlashEq | ModuloEq | NullishEq) consumeToTerminator
 }
 
 BinOp {
diff --git a/src/parser/shrimp.terms.ts b/src/parser/shrimp.terms.ts
index 04cb710..554ba2a 100644
--- a/src/parser/shrimp.terms.ts
+++ b/src/parser/shrimp.terms.ts
@@ -19,48 +19,50 @@ export const
   StarEq = 17,
   SlashEq = 18,
   ModuloEq = 19,
-  Identifier = 20,
-  AssignableIdentifier = 21,
-  Word = 22,
-  IdentifierBeforeDot = 23,
-  Do = 24,
-  Comment = 25,
-  Program = 26,
-  PipeExpr = 27,
-  WhileExpr = 29,
-  keyword = 70,
-  ConditionalOp = 31,
-  ParenExpr = 32,
-  IfExpr = 33,
-  FunctionCall = 35,
-  DotGet = 36,
-  Number = 37,
-  PositionalArg = 38,
-  FunctionDef = 39,
-  Params = 40,
-  NamedParam = 41,
-  NamedArgPrefix = 42,
-  String = 43,
-  StringFragment = 44,
-  Interpolation = 45,
-  EscapeSeq = 46,
-  Boolean = 47,
-  Null = 48,
-  colon = 49,
-  CatchExpr = 50,
-  Block = 52,
-  FinallyExpr = 53,
-  Underscore = 56,
-  NamedArg = 57,
-  ElseIfExpr = 58,
-  ElseExpr = 60,
-  FunctionCallOrIdentifier = 61,
-  BinOp = 62,
-  Regex = 63,
-  Dict = 64,
-  Array = 65,
-  FunctionCallWithBlock = 66,
-  TryExpr = 67,
-  Throw = 69,
-  CompoundAssign = 71,
-  Assign = 72
+  NullishCoalesce = 20,
+  NullishEq = 21,
+  Identifier = 22,
+  AssignableIdentifier = 23,
+  Word = 24,
+  IdentifierBeforeDot = 25,
+  Do = 26,
+  Comment = 27,
+  Program = 28,
+  PipeExpr = 29,
+  WhileExpr = 31,
+  keyword = 72,
+  ConditionalOp = 33,
+  ParenExpr = 34,
+  IfExpr = 35,
+  FunctionCall = 37,
+  DotGet = 38,
+  Number = 39,
+  PositionalArg = 40,
+  FunctionDef = 41,
+  Params = 42,
+  NamedParam = 43,
+  NamedArgPrefix = 44,
+  String = 45,
+  StringFragment = 46,
+  Interpolation = 47,
+  EscapeSeq = 48,
+  Boolean = 49,
+  Null = 50,
+  colon = 51,
+  CatchExpr = 52,
+  Block = 54,
+  FinallyExpr = 55,
+  Underscore = 58,
+  NamedArg = 59,
+  ElseIfExpr = 60,
+  ElseExpr = 62,
+  FunctionCallOrIdentifier = 63,
+  BinOp = 64,
+  Regex = 65,
+  Dict = 66,
+  Array = 67,
+  FunctionCallWithBlock = 68,
+  TryExpr = 69,
+  Throw = 71,
+  CompoundAssign = 73,
+  Assign = 74
diff --git a/src/parser/shrimp.ts b/src/parser/shrimp.ts
index 64892e8..57bc209 100644
--- a/src/parser/shrimp.ts
+++ b/src/parser/shrimp.ts
@@ -4,24 +4,24 @@ import {operatorTokenizer} from "./operatorTokenizer"
 import {tokenizer, specializeKeyword} from "./tokenizer"
 import {trackScope} from "./parserScopeContext"
 import {highlighting} from "./highlight"
-const spec_Identifier = {__proto__:null,while:60, if:68, null:96, catch:102, finally:108, end:110, else:118, try:136, throw:140}
+const spec_Identifier = {__proto__:null,while:64, if:72, null:100, catch:106, finally:112, end:114, else:122, try:140, throw:144}
 export const parser = LRParser.deserialize({
   version: 14,
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-  specialized: [{term: 20, get: (value: any, stack: any) => (specializeKeyword(value, stack) << 1), external: specializeKeyword},{term: 20, get: (value: keyof typeof spec_Identifier) => spec_Identifier[value] || -1}],
-  tokenPrec: 1634
+  tokenData: "C_~R|OX#{XY$jYZ%TZp#{pq$jqs#{st%ntu'Vuw#{wx'[xy'ayz'zz{#{{|(e|}#{}!O+X!O!P#{!P!Q-n!Q![)S![!]6Z!]!^%T!^!}#{!}#O6t#O#P8j#P#Q8o#Q#R#{#R#S9Y#S#T#{#T#Y,Y#Y#Z9s#Z#b,Y#b#c>q#c#f,Y#f#g?n#g#h,Y#h#i@k#i#o,Y#o#p#{#p#qBo#q;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%l~#{~O#{~~CYS$QU!OSOt#{uw#{x#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{S$gP;=`<%l#{^$qU!OS!zYOt#{uw#{x#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U%[U!OS#[QOt#{uw#{x#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{^%uZkY!OSOY%nYZ#{Zt%ntu&huw%nwx&hx#O%n#O#P&h#P;'S%n;'S;=`'P<%lO%nY&mSkYOY&hZ;'S&h;'S;=`&y<%lO&hY&|P;=`<%l&h^'SP;=`<%l%n~'[O#V~~'aO#T~U'hU!OS#PQOt#{uw#{x#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U(RU!OS#_QOt#{uw#{x#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U(jW!OSOt#{uw#{x!Q#{!Q![)S![#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U)ZY!OSwQOt#{uw#{x!O#{!O!P)y!P!Q#{!Q![)S![#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U*OW!OSOt#{uw#{x!Q#{!Q![*h![#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U*oW!OSwQOt#{uw#{x!Q#{!Q![*h![#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U+^^!OSOt#{uw#{x}#{}!O,Y!O!Q#{!Q![)S![!_#{!_!`-T!`#O#{#P#T#{#T#o,Y#o;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U,_[!OSOt#{uw#{x}#{}!O,Y!O!_#{!_!`-T!`#O#{#P#T#{#T#o,Y#o;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U-[U|Q!OSOt#{uw#{x#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U-sW!OSOt#{uw#{x!P#{!P!Q.]!Q#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U.b^!OSOY/^YZ#{Zt/^tu0auw/^wx0ax!P/^!P!Q#{!Q!}/^!}#O5S#O#P2o#P;'S/^;'S;=`6T<%lO/^U/e^!OS!cQOY/^YZ#{Zt/^tu0auw/^wx0ax!P/^!P!Q3U!Q!}/^!}#O5S#O#P2o#P;'S/^;'S;=`6T<%lO/^Q0fX!cQOY0aZ!P0a!P!Q1R!Q!}0a!}#O1p#O#P2o#P;'S0a;'S;=`3O<%lO0aQ1UP!P!Q1XQ1^U!cQ#Z#[1X#]#^1X#a#b1X#g#h1X#i#j1X#m#n1XQ1sVOY1pZ#O1p#O#P2Y#P#Q0a#Q;'S1p;'S;=`2i<%lO1pQ2]SOY1pZ;'S1p;'S;=`2i<%lO1pQ2lP;=`<%l1pQ2rSOY0aZ;'S0a;'S;=`3O<%lO0aQ3RP;=`<%l0aU3ZW!OSOt#{uw#{x!P#{!P!Q3s!Q#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U3zb!OS!cQOt#{uw#{x#O#{#P#Z#{#Z#[3s#[#]#{#]#^3s#^#a#{#a#b3s#b#g#{#g#h3s#h#i#{#i#j3s#j#m#{#m#n3s#n;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U5X[!OSOY5SYZ#{Zt5Stu1puw5Swx1px#O5S#O#P2Y#P#Q/^#Q;'S5S;'S;=`5}<%lO5SU6QP;=`<%l5SU6WP;=`<%l/^U6bU!OS!TQOt#{uw#{x#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U6{W#aQ!OSOt#{uw#{x!_#{!_!`7e!`#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U7jV!OSOt#{uw#{x#O#{#P#Q8P#Q;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U8WU#`Q!OSOt#{uw#{x#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{~8oO#W~U8vU#bQ!OSOt#{uw#{x#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U9aU!OS![QOt#{uw#{x#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U9x]!OSOt#{uw#{x}#{}!O,Y!O!_#{!_!`-T!`#O#{#P#T#{#T#U:q#U#o,Y#o;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U:v^!OSOt#{uw#{x}#{}!O,Y!O!_#{!_!`-T!`#O#{#P#T#{#T#`,Y#`#a;r#a#o,Y#o;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U;w^!OSOt#{uw#{x}#{}!O,Y!O!_#{!_!`-T!`#O#{#P#T#{#T#g,Y#g#h<s#h#o,Y#o;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U<x^!OSOt#{uw#{x}#{}!O,Y!O!_#{!_!`-T!`#O#{#P#T#{#T#X,Y#X#Y=t#Y#o,Y#o;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{U={[!RQ!OSOt#{uw#{x}#{}!O,Y!O!_#{!_!`-T!`#O#{#P#T#{#T#o,Y#o;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{^>x[#XW!OSOt#{uw#{x}#{}!O,Y!O!_#{!_!`-T!`#O#{#P#T#{#T#o,Y#o;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{^?u[#ZW!OSOt#{uw#{x}#{}!O,Y!O!_#{!_!`-T!`#O#{#P#T#{#T#o,Y#o;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{^@r^#YW!OSOt#{uw#{x}#{}!O,Y!O!_#{!_!`-T!`#O#{#P#T#{#T#f,Y#f#gAn#g#o,Y#o;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{UAs^!OSOt#{uw#{x}#{}!O,Y!O!_#{!_!`-T!`#O#{#P#T#{#T#i,Y#i#j<s#j#o,Y#o;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{UBvUnQ!OSOt#{uw#{x#O#{#P;'S#{;'S;=`$d<%lO#{~C_O#c~",
+  tokenizers: [operatorTokenizer, 1, 2, 3, tokenizer, new LocalTokenGroup("[~RP!O!PU~ZO#R~~", 11)],
+  topRules: {"Program":[0,28]},
+  specialized: [{term: 22, get: (value: any, stack: any) => (specializeKeyword(value, stack) << 1), external: specializeKeyword},{term: 22, get: (value: keyof typeof spec_Identifier) => spec_Identifier[value] || -1}],
+  tokenPrec: 1730
 })
diff --git a/src/parser/tests/basics.test.ts b/src/parser/tests/basics.test.ts
index 3d0bb4d..7ac74d4 100644
--- a/src/parser/tests/basics.test.ts
+++ b/src/parser/tests/basics.test.ts
@@ -595,6 +595,87 @@ describe('CompoundAssign', () => {
           PositionalArg
             Number 3`)
   })
+
+  test('parses ??= operator', () => {
+    expect('x ??= 5').toMatchTree(`
+      CompoundAssign
+        AssignableIdentifier x
+        NullishEq ??=
+        Number 5`)
+  })
+
+  test('parses ??= with expression', () => {
+    expect('config ??= get-default').toMatchTree(`
+      CompoundAssign
+        AssignableIdentifier config
+        NullishEq ??=
+        FunctionCallOrIdentifier
+          Identifier get-default`)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('Nullish coalescing operator', () => {
+  test('? can still end an identifier', () => {
+    expect('what?').toMatchTree(`
+      FunctionCallOrIdentifier
+        Identifier what?`)
+  })
+
+  test('?? can still end an identifier', () => {
+    expect('what??').toMatchTree(`
+      FunctionCallOrIdentifier
+        Identifier what??`)
+  })
+
+  test('?? can still be in a word', () => {
+    expect('what??the').toMatchTree(`
+      FunctionCallOrIdentifier
+        Identifier what??the`)
+  })
+
+  test('?? can still start a word', () => {
+    expect('??what??the').toMatchTree(`
+      Word ??what??the`)
+  })
+
+  test('parses ?? operator', () => {
+    expect('x ?? 5').toMatchTree(`
+      ConditionalOp
+        Identifier x
+        NullishCoalesce ??
+        Number 5`)
+  })
+
+  test('parses chained ?? operators', () => {
+    expect('a ?? b ?? c').toMatchTree(`
+      ConditionalOp
+        ConditionalOp
+          Identifier a
+          NullishCoalesce ??
+          Identifier b
+        NullishCoalesce ??
+        Identifier c`)
+  })
+
+  test('parses ?? with expressions', () => {
+    expect('get-value ?? default-value').toMatchTree(`
+      ConditionalOp
+        Identifier get-value
+        NullishCoalesce ??
+        Identifier default-value`)
+  })
+
+  test('parses ?? with parenthesized function call', () => {
+    expect('get-value ?? (default 10)').toMatchTree(`
+      ConditionalOp
+        Identifier get-value
+        NullishCoalesce ??
+        ParenExpr
+          FunctionCall
+            Identifier default
+            PositionalArg
+              Number 10`)
+  })
 })
 
 describe('DotGet whitespace sensitivity', () => {
diff --git a/src/parser/tokenizer.ts b/src/parser/tokenizer.ts
index 3f5ca6c..d18a515 100644
--- a/src/parser/tokenizer.ts
+++ b/src/parser/tokenizer.ts
@@ -193,6 +193,15 @@ const chooseIdentifierToken = (input: InputStream, stack: Stack): number => {
 
   const nextCh = getFullCodePoint(input, peekPos)
   const nextCh2 = getFullCodePoint(input, peekPos + 1)
+  const nextCh3 = getFullCodePoint(input, peekPos + 2)
+
+  // Check for ??= (three-character compound operator)
+  if (nextCh === 63 /* ? */ && nextCh2 === 63 /* ? */ && nextCh3 === 61 /* = */) {
+    const charAfterOp = getFullCodePoint(input, peekPos + 3)
+    if (isWhiteSpace(charAfterOp) || charAfterOp === -1 /* EOF */) {
+      return AssignableIdentifier
+    }
+  }
 
   // Check for compound assignment operators: +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
   if (