diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index dd2b2c3..0b9ca60 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ It's where Shrimp live.
 - [x] DICT_HAS
 
 ### TypeScript Interop
-- [x] CALL_TYPESCRIPT
+- [x] CALL_NATIVE
 
 ### Special
 - [x] HALT
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ It's where Shrimp live.
 - All dictionary operations (MAKE_DICT, DICT_GET, DICT_SET, DICT_HAS)
 - Basic function operations (MAKE_FUNCTION, CALL, RETURN) with parameter binding
 - Exception handling (PUSH_TRY, PUSH_FINALLY, POP_TRY, THROW) with nested try/finally blocks and call stack unwinding
-- TypeScript interop (CALL_TYPESCRIPT) with sync and async functions
+- TypeScript interop (CALL_NATIVE) with sync and async functions
 - HALT instruction
 
 ## Design Decisions
diff --git a/SPEC.md b/SPEC.md
index 717cdbc..f0b86b7 100644
--- a/SPEC.md
+++ b/SPEC.md
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ The ReefVM is a stack-based bytecode virtual machine designed for the Shrimp pro
 - **Scope Chain**: Linked scopes for lexical variable resolution
 - **Program Counter (PC)**: Current instruction index
 - **Constants Pool**: Immutable values and function metadata
-- **TypeScript Function Registry**: External functions callable from Shrimp
+- **Native Function Registry**: External functions callable from Shrimp
 
 ### Execution Model
 
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ Key is coerced to string.
 
 ### TypeScript Interop
 
-#### CALL_TYPESCRIPT
+#### CALL_NATIVE
 **Operand**: Function name (string)  
 **Effect**: Call registered TypeScript function  
 **Stack**: [...args] → [returnValue]
@@ -456,7 +456,7 @@ Key is coerced to string.
 **Behavior**:
 1. Look up function by name in registry
 2. Mark current frame (if exists) as break target
-3. Await function call (TypeScript function receives arguments and returns a Value)
+3. Await function call (native function receives arguments and returns a Value)
 4. Push return value onto stack
 
 **Notes**:
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ All of these should throw errors:
 6. **Break Outside Loop**: BREAK with no break target
 7. **Continue Outside Loop**: CONTINUE with no continue target
 8. **Return Outside Function**: RETURN with no call frame
-9. **Unknown Function**: CALL_TYPESCRIPT with unregistered function
+9. **Unknown Function**: CALL_NATIVE with unregistered function
 10. **Mismatched Handler**: POP_TRY with no handler
 11. **Invalid Constant**: PUSH with invalid constant index
 12. **Invalid Function Definition**: MAKE_FUNCTION with non-function_def constant
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ const result = await vm.execute()
 
 - PC increment happens after each instruction execution
 - Jump instructions use relative offsets (added to current PC after increment)
-- All async operations (TypeScript functions) must be awaited
+- All async operations (native functions) must be awaited
 - Arrays and dicts are mutable (pass by reference)
 - Functions are immutable values
 - The VM is single-threaded (no concurrency primitives)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/bytecode.ts b/src/bytecode.ts
index a011cae..db39eda 100644
--- a/src/bytecode.ts
+++ b/src/bytecode.ts
@@ -15,10 +15,14 @@ export type Constant =
   | Value
   | FunctionDef
 
-const opsWithVarNames = new Set([OpCode.LOAD, OpCode.STORE, OpCode.CALL_TYPESCRIPT])
-const opsWithAddresses = new Set([OpCode.JUMP, OpCode.JUMP_IF_FALSE, OpCode.JUMP_IF_TRUE, OpCode.PUSH_TRY])
-const opsWithNumbers = new Set([OpCode.MAKE_ARRAY, OpCode.MAKE_DICT])
-
+//
+// Parse bytecode from human-readable string format.
+// Operand types are determined by prefix:
+//   #42      -> immediate number (e.g., JUMP #5, MAKE_ARRAY #3)
+//   name     -> variable/function name (e.g., LOAD x, CALL_NATIVE add)
+//   42       -> number constant (e.g., PUSH 42)
+//   "str"    -> string constant (e.g., PUSH "hello")
+//   'str'    -> string constant (e.g., PUSH 'hello')
 export function toBytecode(str: string): Bytecode /* throws */ {
   const lines = str.trim().split("\n")
 
@@ -28,34 +32,42 @@ export function toBytecode(str: string): Bytecode /* throws */ {
   }
 
   for (let line of lines) {
-    let [op, operand] = line.trim().split(" ")
+    const trimmed = line.trim()
+    if (!trimmed) continue
+
+    const [op, ...rest] = trimmed.split(/\s+/)
     const opCode = OpCode[op as keyof typeof OpCode]
 
+    if (opCode === undefined) {
+      throw new Error(`Unknown opcode: ${op}`)
+    }
+
     let operandValue: number | string | undefined = undefined
 
-    if (operand) {
-      // Variable names for LOAD, STORE, CALL_TYPESCRIPT
-      if (opsWithVarNames.has(opCode)) {
-        operandValue = operand
-      }
-      // Direct addresses for JUMP operations
-      else if (opsWithAddresses.has(opCode)) {
-        operandValue = parseInt(operand)
-      }
-      // Direct numbers for MAKE_ARRAY, MAKE_DICT
-      else if (opsWithNumbers.has(opCode)) {
-        operandValue = parseInt(operand)
-      }
-      // Constants (numbers, strings) for PUSH
-      else {
-        if (/^\d+/.test(operand)) {
-          bytecode.constants.push(toValue(parseFloat(operand)))
-        } else if (/^['"]/.test(operand)) {
-          bytecode.constants.push(toValue(operand.slice(1, operand.length - 1)))
-        } else {
-          throw `Unknown operand: ${operand}`
-        }
+    if (rest.length > 0) {
+      const operand = rest.join(' ')
+
+      if (operand.startsWith('#')) {
+        // immediate number
+        operandValue = parseInt(operand.slice(1))
+
+      } else if (/^['"].*['"]$/.test(operand)) {
+        // string
+        const stringValue = operand.slice(1, operand.length - 1)
+        bytecode.constants.push(toValue(stringValue))
         operandValue = bytecode.constants.length - 1
+
+      } else if (/^-?\d+(\.\d+)?$/.test(operand)) {
+        // number
+        bytecode.constants.push(toValue(parseFloat(operand)))
+        operandValue = bytecode.constants.length - 1
+
+      } else if (/^[a-zA-Z_].*$/.test(operand)) {
+        // variable
+        operandValue = operand
+
+      } else {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid operand: ${operand}`)
       }
     }
 
diff --git a/src/opcode.ts b/src/opcode.ts
index 47bf678..a00f0c0 100644
--- a/src/opcode.ts
+++ b/src/opcode.ts
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ export enum OpCode {
   DICT_HAS,
 
   // typescript interop
-  CALL_TYPESCRIPT,
+  CALL_NATIVE,
 
   // special
   HALT
diff --git a/src/vm.ts b/src/vm.ts
index bf21539..b2d96aa 100644
--- a/src/vm.ts
+++ b/src/vm.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import { OpCode } from "./opcode"
 import { Scope } from "./scope"
 import { type Value, toValue, toNumber, isTrue, isEqual, toString } from "./value"
 
-type TypeScriptFunction = (...args: Value[]) => Promise<Value> | Value
+type NativeFunction = (...args: Value[]) => Promise<Value> | Value
 
 export class VM {
   pc = 0
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ export class VM {
   scope: Scope
   constants: Constant[] = []
   instructions: Instruction[] = []
-  typescriptFunctions: Map<string, TypeScriptFunction> = new Map()
+  nativeFunctions: Map<string, NativeFunction> = new Map()
 
   constructor(bytecode: Bytecode) {
     this.instructions = bytecode.instructions
@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ export class VM {
     this.scope = new Scope()
   }
 
-  registerFunction(name: string, fn: TypeScriptFunction) {
-    this.typescriptFunctions.set(name, fn)
+  registerFunction(name: string, fn: NativeFunction) {
+    this.nativeFunctions.set(name, fn)
   }
 
   async run(): Promise<Value> {
@@ -412,12 +412,12 @@ export class VM {
         this.stack.push(returnValue)
         break
 
-      case OpCode.CALL_TYPESCRIPT:
+      case OpCode.CALL_NATIVE:
         const functionName = instruction.operand as string
-        const tsFunction = this.typescriptFunctions.get(functionName)
+        const tsFunction = this.nativeFunctions.get(functionName)
 
         if (!tsFunction)
-          throw new Error(`CALL_TYPESCRIPT: function not found: ${functionName}`)
+          throw new Error(`CALL_NATIVE: function not found: ${functionName}`)
 
         // Mark current frame as break target (like CALL does)
         if (this.callStack.length > 0)
diff --git a/tests/basic.test.ts b/tests/basic.test.ts
index 2ab8144..dc1d898 100644
--- a/tests/basic.test.ts
+++ b/tests/basic.test.ts
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ test("AND pattern - short circuits when false", async () => {
   PUSH 0
   EQ
   DUP
-  JUMP_IF_FALSE 2
+  JUMP_IF_FALSE #2
   POP
   PUSH 999
 `
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ test("AND pattern - evaluates both when true", async () => {
   const str = `
   PUSH 1
   DUP
-  JUMP_IF_FALSE 2
+  JUMP_IF_FALSE #2
   POP
   PUSH 2
 `
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ test("OR pattern - short circuits when true", async () => {
   const str = `
   PUSH 1
   DUP
-  JUMP_IF_TRUE 2
+  JUMP_IF_TRUE #2
   POP
   PUSH 2
 `
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ test("OR pattern - evaluates second when false", async () => {
   PUSH 0
   EQ
   DUP
-  JUMP_IF_TRUE 2
+  JUMP_IF_TRUE #2
   POP
   PUSH 2
 `
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ test("isTruthy - only null and false are falsy", async () => {
   // 0 is truthy (unlike JS)
   const str1 = `
   PUSH 0
-  JUMP_IF_FALSE 1
+  JUMP_IF_FALSE #1
   PUSH 1
 `
   expect(await run(toBytecode(str1))).toEqual({ type: 'number', value: 1 })
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ test("isTruthy - only null and false are falsy", async () => {
   // empty string is truthy (unlike JS)
   const str2 = `
   PUSH ''
-  JUMP_IF_FALSE 1
+  JUMP_IF_FALSE #1
   PUSH 1
 `
   expect(await run(toBytecode(str2))).toEqual({ type: 'number', value: 1 })
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ test("isTruthy - only null and false are falsy", async () => {
   PUSH 0
   PUSH 0
   EQ
-  JUMP_IF_FALSE 1
+  JUMP_IF_FALSE #1
   PUSH 999
 `
   expect(await run(toBytecode(str3))).toEqual({ type: 'number', value: 999 })
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ test("STORE and LOAD - multiple variables", async () => {
 test("JUMP - relative jump forward", async () => {
   const str = `
   PUSH 1
-  JUMP 1
+  JUMP #1
   PUSH 100
   PUSH 2
 `
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ test("JUMP - backward offset demonstrates relative jumps", async () => {
   // Use forward jump to skip, demonstrating relative addressing
   const str = `
   PUSH 100
-  JUMP 2
+  JUMP #2
   PUSH 200
   PUSH 300
   PUSH 400
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ test("JUMP_IF_FALSE - conditional jump when false", async () => {
   PUSH 1
   PUSH 0
   EQ
-  JUMP_IF_FALSE 1
+  JUMP_IF_FALSE #1
   PUSH 100
   PUSH 42
 `
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ test("JUMP_IF_FALSE - conditional jump when false", async () => {
 test("JUMP_IF_FALSE - no jump when true", async () => {
   const str = `
   PUSH 1
-  JUMP_IF_FALSE 1
+  JUMP_IF_FALSE #1
   PUSH 100
 `
   expect(await run(toBytecode(str))).toEqual({ type: 'number', value: 100 })
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ test("JUMP_IF_FALSE - no jump when true", async () => {
 test("JUMP_IF_TRUE - conditional jump when true", async () => {
   const str = `
   PUSH 1
-  JUMP_IF_TRUE 1
+  JUMP_IF_TRUE #1
   PUSH 100
   PUSH 42
 `
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ test("MAKE_ARRAY - creates array", async () => {
   PUSH 10
   PUSH 20
   PUSH 30
-  MAKE_ARRAY 3
+  MAKE_ARRAY #3
 `
   const result = await run(toBytecode(str))
   expect(result.type).toBe('array')
@@ -395,7 +395,7 @@ test("ARRAY_GET - gets element", async () => {
   PUSH 10
   PUSH 20
   PUSH 30
-  MAKE_ARRAY 3
+  MAKE_ARRAY #3
   PUSH 1
   ARRAY_GET
 `
@@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ test("ARRAY_SET - sets element", async () => {
   PUSH 10
   PUSH 20
   PUSH 30
-  MAKE_ARRAY 3
+  MAKE_ARRAY #3
   DUP
   PUSH 1
   PUSH 99
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ test("ARRAY_PUSH - appends to array", async () => {
   const str = `
   PUSH 10
   PUSH 20
-  MAKE_ARRAY 2
+  MAKE_ARRAY #2
   DUP
   PUSH 30
   ARRAY_PUSH
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@ test("ARRAY_PUSH - mutates original array", async () => {
   const str = `
   PUSH 10
   PUSH 20
-  MAKE_ARRAY 2
+  MAKE_ARRAY #2
   DUP
   PUSH 30
   ARRAY_PUSH
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ test("ARRAY_LEN - gets length", async () => {
   PUSH 10
   PUSH 20
   PUSH 30
-  MAKE_ARRAY 3
+  MAKE_ARRAY #3
   ARRAY_LEN
 `
   expect(await run(toBytecode(str))).toEqual({ type: 'number', value: 3 })
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ test("MAKE_DICT - creates dict", async () => {
   PUSH 'Alice'
   PUSH 'age'
   PUSH 30
-  MAKE_DICT 2
+  MAKE_DICT #2
 `
   const result = await run(toBytecode(str))
   expect(result.type).toBe('dict')
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ test("DICT_GET - gets value", async () => {
   const str = `
   PUSH 'name'
   PUSH 'Bob'
-  MAKE_DICT 1
+  MAKE_DICT #1
   PUSH 'name'
   DICT_GET
 `
@@ -486,7 +486,7 @@ test("DICT_GET - gets value", async () => {
 
 test("DICT_SET - sets value", async () => {
   const str = `
-  MAKE_DICT 0
+  MAKE_DICT #0
   DUP
   PUSH 'key'
   PUSH 'value'
@@ -501,7 +501,7 @@ test("DICT_HAS - checks key exists", async () => {
   const str = `
   PUSH 'key'
   PUSH 'value'
-  MAKE_DICT 1
+  MAKE_DICT #1
   PUSH 'key'
   DICT_HAS
 `
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ test("DICT_HAS - checks key exists", async () => {
 
 test("DICT_HAS - checks key missing", async () => {
   const str = `
-  MAKE_DICT 0
+  MAKE_DICT #0
   PUSH 'missing'
   DICT_HAS
 `
diff --git a/tests/typescript-interop.test.ts b/tests/native.test.ts
similarity index 74%
rename from tests/typescript-interop.test.ts
rename to tests/native.test.ts
index 8067516..01c8a20 100644
--- a/tests/typescript-interop.test.ts
+++ b/tests/native.test.ts
@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@ import { VM } from "#vm"
 import { OpCode } from "#opcode"
 import { toValue, toNumber } from "#value"
 
-test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - basic function call", async () => {
+test("CALL_NATIVE - basic function call", async () => {
   const vm = new VM({
     instructions: [
       { op: OpCode.PUSH, operand: 0 },              // push 5
       { op: OpCode.PUSH, operand: 1 },              // push 10
-      { op: OpCode.CALL_TYPESCRIPT, operand: 'add' }, // call TypeScript 'add'
+      { op: OpCode.CALL_NATIVE, operand: 'add' }, // call TypeScript 'add'
       { op: OpCode.HALT }
     ],
     constants: [
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - basic function call", async () => {
   expect(result).toEqual({ type: 'number', value: 15 })
 })
 
-test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - function with string manipulation", async () => {
+test("CALL_NATIVE - function with string manipulation", async () => {
   const vm = new VM({
     instructions: [
       { op: OpCode.PUSH, operand: 0 },                    // push "hello"
       { op: OpCode.PUSH, operand: 1 },                    // push "world"
-      { op: OpCode.CALL_TYPESCRIPT, operand: 'concat' },  // call TypeScript 'concat'
+      { op: OpCode.CALL_NATIVE, operand: 'concat' },  // call TypeScript 'concat'
       { op: OpCode.HALT }
     ],
     constants: [
@@ -50,11 +50,11 @@ test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - function with string manipulation", async () => {
   expect(result).toEqual({ type: 'string', value: 'hello world' })
 })
 
-test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - async function", async () => {
+test("CALL_NATIVE - async function", async () => {
   const vm = new VM({
     instructions: [
       { op: OpCode.PUSH, operand: 0 },                      // push 42
-      { op: OpCode.CALL_TYPESCRIPT, operand: 'asyncDouble' }, // call async TypeScript function
+      { op: OpCode.CALL_NATIVE, operand: 'asyncDouble' }, // call async TypeScript function
       { op: OpCode.HALT }
     ],
     constants: [
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - async function", async () => {
   expect(result).toEqual({ type: 'number', value: 84 })
 })
 
-test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - function with no arguments", async () => {
+test("CALL_NATIVE - function with no arguments", async () => {
   const vm = new VM({
     instructions: [
-      { op: OpCode.CALL_TYPESCRIPT, operand: 'getAnswer' },  // call with empty stack
+      { op: OpCode.CALL_NATIVE, operand: 'getAnswer' },  // call with empty stack
       { op: OpCode.HALT }
     ],
     constants: []
@@ -89,13 +89,13 @@ test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - function with no arguments", async () => {
   expect(result).toEqual({ type: 'number', value: 42 })
 })
 
-test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - function with multiple arguments", async () => {
+test("CALL_NATIVE - function with multiple arguments", async () => {
   const vm = new VM({
     instructions: [
       { op: OpCode.PUSH, operand: 0 },              // push 2
       { op: OpCode.PUSH, operand: 1 },              // push 3
       { op: OpCode.PUSH, operand: 2 },              // push 4
-      { op: OpCode.CALL_TYPESCRIPT, operand: 'sum' }, // call TypeScript 'sum'
+      { op: OpCode.CALL_NATIVE, operand: 'sum' }, // call TypeScript 'sum'
       { op: OpCode.HALT }
     ],
     constants: [
@@ -114,11 +114,11 @@ test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - function with multiple arguments", async () => {
   expect(result).toEqual({ type: 'number', value: 9 })
 })
 
-test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - function returns array", async () => {
+test("CALL_NATIVE - function returns array", async () => {
   const vm = new VM({
     instructions: [
       { op: OpCode.PUSH, operand: 0 },                       // push 3
-      { op: OpCode.CALL_TYPESCRIPT, operand: 'makeRange' },  // call TypeScript 'makeRange'
+      { op: OpCode.CALL_NATIVE, operand: 'makeRange' },  // call TypeScript 'makeRange'
       { op: OpCode.HALT }
     ],
     constants: [
@@ -147,22 +147,22 @@ test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - function returns array", async () => {
   }
 })
 
-test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - function not found", async () => {
+test("CALL_NATIVE - function not found", async () => {
   const vm = new VM({
     instructions: [
-      { op: OpCode.CALL_TYPESCRIPT, operand: 'nonexistent' }
+      { op: OpCode.CALL_NATIVE, operand: 'nonexistent' }
     ],
     constants: []
   })
 
-  await expect(vm.run()).rejects.toThrow('CALL_TYPESCRIPT: function not found: nonexistent')
+  await expect(vm.run()).rejects.toThrow('CALL_NATIVE: function not found: nonexistent')
 })
 
-test("CALL_TYPESCRIPT - using result in subsequent operations", async () => {
+test("CALL_NATIVE - using result in subsequent operations", async () => {
   const vm = new VM({
     instructions: [
       { op: OpCode.PUSH, operand: 0 },                      // push 5
-      { op: OpCode.CALL_TYPESCRIPT, operand: 'triple' },    // call TypeScript 'triple' -> 15
+      { op: OpCode.CALL_NATIVE, operand: 'triple' },    // call TypeScript 'triple' -> 15
       { op: OpCode.PUSH, operand: 1 },                      // push 10
       { op: OpCode.ADD },                                   // 15 + 10 = 25
       { op: OpCode.HALT }